Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing significance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable here oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME

Polymer composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate significant improvements in mechanical characteristics. The incorporation of CNTs, due to their exceptional toughness, can lead to a substantial increase in the composite's compressive strength, modulus, and impact resistance. This enhancement stems from the synergistic interact